Ganong physiology pdf online

Read More: Physeo Psychiatry pdf free. The membrane that surrounds the cell is a remarkable structure. It is composed of lipids and proteins and is semi-permeable, allowing the passage of some substances and excluding others.

However, its permeability can also vary because it contains numerous regulated ion channels and other transport proteins that can change the number of substances that move through it. It is generally known as the plasma membrane. The nucleus and other organelles of the cell are linked by similar membranous structures. Although the chemical structures of membranes and their properties vary considerably from place to place, they have certain common characteristics.

They are generally about 7. The main lipids are phospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylethanolamine.

Possession of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties makes the lipid an amphipathic molecule. In the membrane, the hydrophilic ends of the molecules are exposed to the aqueous environment that bathes the exterior of the cells and the aqueous cytoplasm; the hydrophobic ends are found on the water-poor interior of the membrane.

In prokaryotes that is, bacteria in which there is no nucleus , the membranes are relatively simple, but in eukaryotes that is, cells that contain nuclei , the cell membranes contain various glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol, in addition to phospholipids and phosphatidylcholine. The phospholipid molecules that make up the membrane each have two hydrophobic fatty acid chains attached to a hydrophilic phosphate head. Individual proteins take on different shapes and positions in the cell.

Many are integral proteins, extending into the membrane or peripheral proteins that are attached to the inside or outside not shown of the membrane. Proteins can be modified e. Many specific protein attachments and cholesterol that are commonly found in the bilayer are omitted for clarity. Download lippincott physiology PDF. Ganong physiology is one of a great composition of Kim E.

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