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Read Full Article. Delayed quote. Updated once every 10 mins. What to Read Next. Aug 23, 2, Hypes 2 Comments. With a music video shot by 20k Visuals and Carters Vision. Aug 27, 4, Hypes 0 Comments. Jul 21, 13, Hypes 8 Comments. Nov 23, 2, Hypes 0 Comments. To identify these themes, the lyrics of 40 hip-hop songs were evaluated by four independent coders. These themes are the use of lean with another drug These results demonstrate that there are various aspects of lean use that require further investigation.

Furthermore, these results serve as a call to action for public health practitioners to create culturally tailored interventions to address this issue. Keywords: opioid, hip-hop, lean, health disparities, addiction 1.

Introduction The opioid crisis is one of the major public health issues affecting the United States. The rate of opioid deaths in from prescription and illegal opioids was 6 times as high as the number of overdose deaths in CDC, Approximately Americans die daily from an opioid related overdose CDC, The alarming rates of overdose deaths and the increase in the use of prescription opioid drugs for non-medical reasons has left the public health community scrambling to understand this problem and create sustainable, effective solutions McCabe et al.

Of particular concern is the increased use of opioids for non-medical reasons by adolescents McCabe et al. Although the opioid epidemic effects all facets of American society, vulnerable populations that are socially disadvantaged are disproportionately impacted Han et al. In , a total of In , this number increased to an estimated 18 million people Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Although there are various explanations for the current trends in opioid use, one area that has not received as much attention is the role of music.

Hip-hop music is one of the more popular and influential genres of music today. In recent years, there has been an increase in the promotion and glamorization of opioid drug use in hip-hop songs Peters, In addition, numerous hip-hop artists have died from opioid drug overdoses or suffered adverse side effects such as seizures.

Public health practitioners must work to understand the relationship between hip-hop and increased opioid use. The reach of hip-hop music is global and, in many respects, dictates various aspects of cultural trends including speech, dress, and dance.

One such trend is the increased emphasis on the use of harmful drugs Beumont-Thomas, This new direction has become so embedded in the culture of hip-hop that it has led some artists to believe their success depends on the promotion of negative behaviors including some form of drug use Smiley, In addition to alcohol and marijuana references, hip-hop lyrics now mention more dangerous and addictive substances including codeine, ecstasy, Percocet, oxycodone, and Xanax.

Many of these substances have been given alternate names which may make them more appealing to users. Misuse of codeine can lead to various adverse health outcomes including extreme fatigue, skin rashes, distorted vision and shortness of breath. Despite these health consequences, the rate of codeine misuse continues to increase.

To prepare lean, a mixture of cough syrup containing codeine and promethazine is mixed with hard candies such as Jolly Ranchers, and soda, usually sprite.

Sometimes this mixture may also contain alcohol. Large doses of lean can replicate the high that is produced when using heroin.

However, lean can also lead to various physical and psychological health problems. Rappers such as Lil Peep and Mac Miller, who are Caucasian and both suffered from drug overdoses, were codeine users and promoted this drug in their music.

In addition to premature deaths, the negative health effects of codeine have been demonstrated in rappers such as Lil Wayne who experienced codeine induced seizures. Understanding the prevalence of codeine use resulting from the exposure to hip-hop lyrics is a phenomenon that has not been studied and may prove too difficult to fully research.

However, an in-depth analysis of hip-hop lyrics that promote codeine use could offer insight into the reasons why the drug is being used, the messages being given to users about the effects of the drugs, and the consequences of using these drugs.

Methods A content analysis was conducted using the lyrics of hip-hop artists who are known to promote codeine use in their music. The actual list only contains 39 songs. For both articles, the particular lyrics representing lean use were included. Four student research assistants were trained in the protocol as coders. First, the coders independently reviewed the selected lyrics for the 40 songs and described how the use of codeine was being described. Next, the coders met together with the lead researcher to determine if there were common themes demonstrated in these results.

Based on the initial analysis by the coders, eight themes were established. These themes are general use of lean not associated with any other activity, behavior, substance, or emotional state , use of lean while driving, use of lean during sexual activity, use of lean to help with sleep, use of lean for mental distress, use of lean as an alternative to alcohol, use of lean as a recreational drink combined with soda, and the use of lean with another drug see Table 1.

Once these themes were established, coders reviewed the lyrics a second time to determine which lyrics matched with the particular themes. The frequency of each theme was then calculated. Results The total sample of 40 songs yielded 8 themes. Some songs illustrated more than one theme See Table 2.

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