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Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonists and electroacupuncture synergetically inhibit carregeenan-induced behavioral hyperalgesia and spinal Fos expression in rats. Involvement of opiod receptors in electroacupuncture produced anti-hyperalgesia in rats with peripheral inflammation.

Brain Research ; Anticonvulsion Effect of Acupunture Minght be related to the decrease of neural and inducible nitric oxide synthases acupunture and electrotherapeutics. Non—opiod-depend anti-inflammatory effects of low frequency electroacupuncture. Brain Research Bulletin ; Pomeranz, B. Scientific basis of acupunture.

In: Stux G, ed. Basics of Acupunture. New York: Springer-Verlag; , p. Olivera R, Prado WA. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of electroacupuncture in a model of post- incisional pain in rats. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research ; Treatment of postherpethic neuralgia: A review of therapeutic options. Journal of Pain and Symtom Management ;28 4 Bosch F. Tema Medicina Tradicional y Natural. Su desarrollo en Cuba. Fan JY. The role of gap junctions in determining skin conductance and their possible relationship to Acupunture points and meridians.

Effects of intensity of electroacupuncture upon experimental pain in healthy human volunteers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled study.

The impact of patients expectations on outcomes in four randomized controlled trials of acupuncture in patients with chronic pain. Dolor ;13 8 : Modelos animales de dolor. Pathway to carrageenan induced inflammation in the hind limb of the rat. Differential release of neurotransmitters from superficial and deep layers of the dorsal horn in response to acute noxious stimulation and inflammation of the rat paw.

European Journal of Pain ; Differential roles of neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthases during carrageenan-induced inflammatory hyperalgesia. Neuroscience ; Inflammation with no axonal damage of rats saphenos nerve trunk induces ectopic discharge and mechanosensitivity in myelinated axons.

Neuroscience Letters ; Evidence of focal small-fiber axonal degeneration in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome-I reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Changes in cerebrospinal fluid levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Pathologic alterations of cutaneous innervation and vasculature in affected limbs from patients with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. Xu Gy, Zhao ZQ. Carrageenan- induced thermal hyperalgesia in the mouse: role of growth factor and the mitogen-actived protein kinase pathway.

Brain Res. Effects of Leontice smirnowii tuber monodesmosides and crude extract in carrageenan and histamine induced acute inflammation model of rats. Phytomedice ; Experiments with nitric oxide synthase inhibitors in spinal nerve ligated rats provides no evidence of a role for nitric oxide in neuropathic mechanical allodynia.

The possible role of the NO-cGMP pathway in nociception: Different spinal and supraspinal action of enzyme blockers on rat dorsal horn neurones. Ma Sh X. Evidence-based Compl. Medicine ; 1 1 Ralt D. Intracelular communication, NO and the biology of Chinese medicine. Cell Communication and Signaling ; Rowbotham N, Baron R. Postherpethic neuralgia: Irritable nociceptors and deafferentiation.

Neurobiology of Disease ; Pain: Basic Mechanisms. The Lancet ; Buistein R. Ren K, Dubner R. Inflammatory models of pain and hyperalgesia. ILAR J; Sun H, Ren K. Noguchi K, Tokyama M. Chou Tz C. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of phenol in carrageenan-evoked thermal hyperalgesia. British Journal of Pharmacology ; Profilaxis del dolor. Dolor Postoperatorio. Wortley, R. Kress M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide enhances TTX- resistant sodium currents in cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons from adult rats.

Dynia ; 1: Arenoso HJ. Dynia ;2: Mechanisms involved in the nociception produced by peripheral protein kinase c activation in mice. Dynia ; 2: Anti-inflammatory cytokines. Chest ; Standiford TJ. Anti-inflammatory cytokines and cytokines antagonist. Curr Pharm Design ; Dynia;1 1 Eur J. European Journal of Pharmacology ; Lane, P, Gross, SS. Science and Medicine Mar; Ferreira SH. Drugs; Yamamoto Y and Gaynor RB. Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF- B pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer.

J Clin Invest ; The role of cytokines in osteoarthritis pathophysiology. Biorheology ; Secretory phospholipases A2 induce -glucuronidase release and IL-6 production from human lung macrophages.

J Immunol ; Contribution of interleukin-1 beta to the inflammation-induced increase in nerve growth factor levels and inflammatory hyperalgesia.

Br J Pharmacol ; Immunol Today ; J, Morales A. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Mangifera indica L. Extract Vimag. Vassalli P. The pathophysiology of tumor necrosis factors. Annu Rev Immunol ; Bazzoni F, Beutler B. The tumor necrosis factor ligand and receptor families. N Engl J Med ; Biological imaging for the diagnosis of inflammatory conditions. Cytokine involvement in dynorphin- induced allodynia. Recent advances in understanding NF- B regulation. Inflamm Bowel Dis ;— Expression of neuron-associated Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in the Brain is increased during persistent pain.

Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine ;27 4 Lin YL. Neuropharmacology ; Ulloque R. Pass Y. The macro- and microarchitectures of the ligand-binding domain of glutamate receptors. TINS ; 21 3 : Synthesis and pharmacology of a new AMPA-kainate receptor agonist with potent convulsant activity. Frerking M, Nicollm RA. Receptores de Kainato. Current Opinion in Neurobiology ; A presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate autoreceptor in rat hippocampus modulating amino acid release from a cytoplasmic pool.

NMDA receptor antagonist treatment at the time of nerve injury-induced changes in spinal NR1 and NR2b subunit expression and increases the sensitivity of residual pain behaviours to subsequently administered NMDA receptor antagonists. Enhancement of NMDA receptor phosphorylation of the spinal dorsal horn and nucleus gracilis neurons in neuropathic rats. NMDA receptor-mediated activation of medullary pro-nociceptive neurons is required for secondary thermal hyperalgesia.

Pharmacology and functions of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Treds in Neuro-sciences ; 24 2 Evidence for a spinal serotonergic control of the peripheral inflammation in the rat. Life Sciences ; The contribution of peripheral 5-HT2A receptor to carrageenan evoked hyperalgesia inflammation an spinal fos protein expression in the rat.

Immunohistochemical localization of histamine H3 receptors in rodent skin, dorsal root ganglia, superior cervical ganglia, and spinal cord: Potential antinociceptive targets. Melle S, Gebbart G. Pain; Desmeules J, Kondo M, el al. Medicine Higiene; Antagonistas del receptor para Neurokininas. Central Nervous System Drugs ; 8 6 : Ceraso O. Dynia ; 3: Characterization of nociceptive responses and spinal releases of nitric oxide metabolites and glutamate evoked by different concentrations of formalin in rats.

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Acta Anaesth. Preemptive effects of intrathecal cyclooxygenase inhibitor or nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on thermal hypersensitivity following peripheral nerve injury.

A spinal microdialysis study in freely moving rats. The physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide in the brain. Progress in Neurobiology ; Involvement of spinal tyrosine kinase in inflammatory and N-methyl-D-aspartate- induced hyperalgesia in rats. Anti-inflammatory potency of FR, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor in mouse models of acute inflammation.

Mattson MP and Camandola S. NF- B in neuronal plasticity and neurodegenerative disorders. J Clin Invest. Inhibition of RRK phosphorylation decreses nociceptive behaviour in monoarthritic rats. Pronociceptive role of dynorphins in uninjured animals: N-ethylmaleimide-induced nociceptive behaviour mediated through inhibition of dynorphin degradation.

The involvement of glia in long-term plasticity in the spinal dorsal horn of the rat. Neurorepot ;13 14 De Leo J. The tetrapartite synapse; Path to CNS sensitization and chronic pain. Cytokine effects on glutamate uptake by human astrocytes.

Neuroimmunomodulation ;7 3 Simmons ML, Murphy S. Induction of nitric oxide synthase in glial cells. Glia ;49 2 Microglia Kv1. J Neurosci ; 25 31 Intracellular astrocyte calcium waves in situ increase the frecuency os spontaneous AMPA receptor currents in CA1 pyramidal neurons.

JNeurosci ;24 3 Danbolt NC. The main objective of the SOLAS Convention is to specify minimum standards for the construction, equipment and operation of ships, compatible with their safety.

Flag States are responsible for ensuring that ships under their flag comply with its requirements, and a number of certificates are prescribed in the Convention as proof that this has been done. Control provisions also allow Contracting Governments to inspect ships of other Contracting States if there are clear grounds for believing that the ship and its equipment do not substantially comply with the requirements of the Convention - this procedure is known as port State control. Includes regulations concerning the survey of the various types of ships and the issuing of documents signifying that the ship meets the requirements of the Convention.

The Chapter also includes provisions for the control of ships in ports of other Contracting Governments. The subdivision of passenger ships into watertight compartments must be such that after assumed damage to the ship's hull the vessel will remain afloat and stable. Requirements for watertight integrity and bilge pumping arrangements for passenger ships are also laid down as well as stability requirements for both passenger and cargo ships.

The degree of subdivision - measured by the maximum permissible distance between two adjacent bulkheads - varies with ship's length and the service in which it is engaged. The highest degree of subdivision applies to passenger ships. Requirements covering machinery and electrical installations are designed to ensure that services which are essential for the safety of the ship, passengers and crew are maintained under various emergency conditions.

Under the regulation, ships should have adequate strength, integrity and stability to minimize the risk of loss of the ship or pollution to the marine environment due to structural failure, including collapse, resulting in flooding or loss of watertight integrity. Includes detailed fire safety provisions for all ships and specific measures for passenger ships, cargo ships and tankers. They include the following principles: division of the ship into main and vertical zones by thermal and structural boundaries; separation of accommodation spaces from the remainder of the ship by thermal and structural boundaries; restricted use of combustible materials; detection of any fire in the zone of origin; containment and extinction of any fire in the space of origin; protection of the means of escape or of access for fire-fighting purposes; ready availability of fire-extinguishing appliances; minimization of the possibility of ignition of flammable cargo vapour.

The Chapter includes requirements for life-saving appliances and arrangements, including requirements for life boats, rescue boats and life jackets according to type of ship. All passenger ships and all cargo ships of gross tonnage and upwards on international voyages are required to carry equipment designed to improve the chances of rescue following an accident, including satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons EPIRBs and search and rescue transponders SARTs for the location of the ship or survival craft.

Regulations in Chapter IV cover undertakings by contracting governments to provide radiocommunication services as well as ship requirements for carriage of radiocommunications equipment.

Chapter V identifies certain navigation safety services which should be provided by Contracting Governments and sets forth provisions of an operational nature applicable in general to all ships on all voyages. Marine Gyaan Encyclopedia is a free online resource aims to document all maritime subjects and queries to replace bulky reference books. It is a benevolent reference work for Maritime community in an exhaustive manner. Our encyclopedia covers a great collection of study materials and detailed notes in subjects such as Navigation, Cargo work, Ship operation technology, Meteorology, ROR and Ship Stability etc.

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